數(shu)控加工之(zhi)數(shu)控編程(cheng)

程序結構(gou)

程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可作為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)單(dan)位來處理的(de)(de)連(lian)續的(de)(de)字(zi)組，它實際是(shi)(shi)(shi)數控加(jia)工程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)中的(de)(de)一(yi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)。零(ling)件加(jia)工程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)主體(ti)由若干(gan)個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)(duan)組成(cheng)。多數程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)來指令(ling)機床(chuang)完成(cheng)或執行(xing)某一(yi)動作。程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由尺(chi)寸(cun)字(zi)、非尺(chi)寸(cun)字(zi)和(he)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)(duan)結(jie)束指令(ling)構(gou)成(cheng)。在(zai)書寫(xie)和(he)打印時(shi)，每個(ge)(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)(duan)一(yi)般占一(yi)行(xing)，在(zai)屏幕顯(xian)示程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)時(shi)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)此。

程序格式

常規(gui)加工程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)由開(kai)始(shi)符(fu)（單(dan)(dan)列(lie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)）、程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)名（單(dan)(dan)列(lie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)）、程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)主體和(he)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)指令（一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)單(dan)(dan)列(lie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)）組成。程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)還有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)符(fu)。程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)開(kai)始(shi)符(fu)與(yu)(yu)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)符(fu)是(shi)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)字符(fu)：在(zai)ISO代碼中是(shi)%，在(zai)EIA代碼中是(shi)ER。程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)指令可用M02（程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)來）或M30（紙帶(dai)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)）。數控(kong)機床(chuang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)都使用存儲(chu)式(shi)的程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)，此時(shi)M02與(yu)(yu)M30的共同點(dian)是(shi)：在(zai)完成了所(suo)在(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)其它所(suo)有(you)指令之后，用以停止主軸、冷卻(que)液和(he)進給(gei)，并使控(kong)制系統復位。M02與(yu)(yu)M30在(zai)有(you)些(xie)(xie)機床(chuang)（系統）上使用時(shi)是(shi)完全等(deng)效的，而在(zai)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)機床(chuang)（系統）上使用有(you)如下不(bu)同：用M02結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)場合(he)，自動(dong)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)后光標停在(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)處；而用M3O結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)場合(he)，自動(dong)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)束(shu)(shu)(shu)后光標和(he)屏幕(mu)顯示(shi)能自動(dong)返回到程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)開(kai)頭處，一(yi)(yi)(yi)按啟動(dong)鈕就可以再次(ci)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。雖然M02與(yu)(yu)M30允許與(yu)(yu)其它程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)字合(he)用一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)，但還是(shi)將其單(dan)(dan)列(lie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)(duan)，或者只(zhi)與(yu)(yu)順序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)號共用一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)。

程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名(ming)(ming)位(wei)于程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)主體之前、程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)開(kai)始符之后，它(ta)一(yi)般獨占一(yi)行。程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名(ming)(ming)有兩種(zhong)(zhong)形式(shi)：一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是以規定的(de)英(ying)文字(zi)(zi)（多用O）打頭、后面緊跟(gen)若干(gan)位(wei)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)組成(cheng)。數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)的(de)允許位(wei)數(shu)(shu)由(you)說明書規定，常見(jian)的(de)是兩位(wei)和四(si)位(wei)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。這種(zhong)(zhong)形式(shi)的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名(ming)(ming)也可(ke)稱作(zuo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)號。另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)形式(shi)是，程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名(ming)(ming)由(you)英(ying)文字(zi)(zi)、數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)或英(ying)文、數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)混(hun)合組成(cheng)，中(zhong)間還可(ke)以加(jia)入“—”號。這種(zhong)(zhong)形式(shi)使用戶(hu)命名(ming)(ming)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)比較靈(ling)活，例如在LC30型數(shu)(shu)控車床上加(jia)工零件圖號為215的(de)法蘭(lan)第三道工序(xu)(xu)的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，可(ke)命名(ming)(ming)為LC30-FIANGE-215-3，這就給使用、存儲和檢索(suo)等帶來很(hen)大方(fang)便。程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)名(ming)(ming)用哪種(zhong)(zhong)形式(shi)是由(you)數(shu)(shu)控系統(tong)決(jue)定的(de)。

段格式(shi)

程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)中(zhong)字、字符和數(shu)(shu)據的(de)(de)安排形式(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)規則稱為(wei)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)格(ge)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(block format）。數(shu)(shu)控歷史上曾經用過固(gu)定(ding)順(shun)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)格(ge)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和分(fen)隔符(HT或TAB)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)格(ge)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)(zhe)兩種(zhong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)格(ge)式(shi)(shi)(shi)己經過時，國(guo)內外(wai)都廣(guang)泛采用字地址可變(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)格(ge)式(shi)(shi)(shi)，又稱為(wei)字地址格(ge)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)格(ge)式(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)，程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)字長是不(bu)固(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)，程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)字的(de)(de)個數(shu)(shu)也是可變(bian)的(de)(de)，絕大多數(shu)(shu)數(shu)(shu)控系統允(yun)許程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)字的(de)(de)順(shun)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)是任意排列的(de)(de)，故屬(shu)于(yu)可變(bian)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)格(ge)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。但(dan)是，在(zai)大多數(shu)(shu)場合，為(wei)了(le)書(shu)寫、輸入、檢查和校對(dui)的(de)(de)方便(bian)，程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)字在(zai)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)中(zhong)習慣按一定(ding)的(de)(de)順(shun)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)排列。

數控機床的(de)編程(cheng)說(shuo)明書中用(yong)詳細格(ge)式來(lai)分類規定程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)編制的(de)細節(jie)：程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)編制所用(yong)字(zi)符(fu)、程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)段中程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)字(zi)的(de)順序(xu)(xu)及字(zi)長等(deng)。例如：

/ NO3 G02 X+053 Y+053 I0 J+053 F031 S04 T04 M03 LF

上例(li)詳細格(ge)式分類(lei)說明(ming)如下(xia)(xia)：N03為程序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)序(xu)(xu)號；G02表示(shi)加(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)軌跡為順時針圓(yuan)弧(hu)(hu)；X+053、Y+053表示(shi)所加(jia)工圓(yuan)弧(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)終(zhong)點坐標；I0、J+053表示(shi)所加(jia)工圓(yuan)弧(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)心坐標；F031為加(jia)工進給速(su)(su)度；S04為主軸轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)；T04為所使用刀具的(de)(de)(de)刀號；M03為輔助功(gong)能指令；LF程序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)結束指令；/為跳(tiao)(tiao)步選擇指令。跳(tiao)(tiao)步選擇指令的(de)(de)(de)作用是(shi)：在程序(xu)(xu)不變的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下(xia)(xia)，操作者可(ke)以對(dui)程序(xu)(xu)中的(de)(de)(de)有跳(tiao)(tiao)步選擇指令的(de)(de)(de)程序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)作出(chu)執行(xing)(xing)或不執行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)選擇。選擇的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)，通常是(shi)通過操作面(mian)板上的(de)(de)(de)跳(tiao)(tiao)步選擇開關(guan)扳向(xiang)ON或OFF，來實(shi)現不執行(xing)(xing)或執行(xing)(xing)有“/”的(de)(de)(de)程序(xu)(xu)段(duan)(duan)。

執行程序

編制加(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)有時會遇到這種(zhong)情況(kuang)：一組(zu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)在一個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)中多次(ci)出現，或者(zhe)在幾個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)要使用(yong)(yong)(yong)它(ta)。我們可以把這組(zu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)摘出來，命名(ming)后單獨儲存，這組(zu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)就是(shi)子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)是(shi)可由(you)(you)適當的(de)(de)機床控(kong)制指(zhi)令(ling)調用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一段(duan)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)，它(ta)在加(jia)工(gong)(gong)中一般(ban)具(ju)有獨立(li)意義。調用(yong)(yong)(yong)一層子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)指(zhi)令(ling)所(suo)在的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)叫做主程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。調子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)指(zhi)令(ling)也是(shi)一個(ge)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)段(duan)，它(ta)一般(ban)由(you)(you)子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)調用(yong)(yong)(yong)指(zhi)令(ling)、子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)名(ming)稱和(he)調用(yong)(yong)(yong)次(ci)數等組(zu)成，具(ju)體規(gui)則和(he)格(ge)式隨系(xi)統(tong)(tong)而別，例如同樣是(shi)“調用(yong)(yong)(yong)55號子(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)一次(ci)”，FANUC系(xi)統(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)“M98 P55。”，而美國(guo)A-B公司(si)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)“P55x”。

子(zi)(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)可(ke)(ke)以嵌套，即(ji)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)套一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。上(shang)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)與(yu)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的關(guan)系，跟主程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)與(yu)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)的關(guan)系相同(tong)。多可(ke)(ke)以套多少層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，由具體(ti)的數(shu)控系統決定(ding)。子(zi)(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)的形式和組(zu)成(cheng)與(yu)主程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)大體(ti)相同(tong)：一(yi)(yi)行(xing)是(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)號（名(ming)），一(yi)(yi)行(xing)則是(shi)“子(zi)(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)結束(shu)(shu)”指(zhi)(zhi)令，它(ta)們之間是(shi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)主體(ti)。不過，主程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)結束(shu)(shu)指(zhi)(zhi)令作用是(shi)結束(shu)(shu)主程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)、讓數(shu)控系統復(fu)位(wei)，其指(zhi)(zhi)令已經標準化(hua)，各(ge)系統都用M02或M30；而(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)結束(shu)(shu)指(zhi)(zhi)令作用是(shi)結束(shu)(shu)子(zi)(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)、返回(hui)主程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)或上(shang)一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)子(zi)(zi)(zi)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)，其指(zhi)(zhi)令各(ge)系統不統一(yi)(yi)，如FANUC系統用M99、西門子(zi)(zi)(zi)系統用M17，美國A—B公司(si)的系統用M02等。

在(zai)數(shu)控(kong)加工程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)中可(ke)以使用(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)宏(hong)（程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)）。所(suo)謂宏(hong)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)就(jiu)(jiu)是含有變(bian)量的子程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)，在(zai)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)中調用(yong)(yong)(yong)宏(hong)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的指令稱為用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)宏(hong)指令，系統可(ke)以使用(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)宏(hong)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)的功(gong)(gong)能叫做用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)宏(hong)功(gong)(gong)能。執行(xing)時只(zhi)需(xu)寫出用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)宏(hong)命(ming)令，就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以執行(xing)其用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)宏(hong)功(gong)(gong)能。

用戶宏的(de)特征(zheng)是：

●可以(yi)在(zai)用戶宏(hong)中使(shi)用變量；

●可以使用演(yan)算式、轉向(xiang)語句及多種(zhong)函數

●可(ke)以(yi)用用戶宏(hong)命令對變量進(jin)行賦值(zhi)。

數(shu)控(kong)機床采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)成組(zu)技術進行(xing)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)的加(jia)(jia)工，可(ke)擴大批量、減少編程(cheng)量、提(ti)高(gao)經濟效益。在(zai)(zai)成組(zu)加(jia)(jia)工中(zhong)，將零(ling)件(jian)(jian)進行(xing)分類(lei)，對這(zhe)一類(lei)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)編制加(jia)(jia)工程(cheng)序(xu)，而不需要對每一個(ge)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)都(dou)編一個(ge)程(cheng)序(xu)。在(zai)(zai)加(jia)(jia)工同(tong)一類(lei)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)只是尺(chi)寸(cun)不同(tong)時，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶宏的主要方便之處是可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)(yong)變量代替(ti)具體數(shu)值，到實際(ji)加(jia)(jia)工時，只需將此(ci)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)的實際(ji)尺(chi)寸(cun)數(shu)值用(yong)(yong)(yong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶宏命令賦與變量即可(ke)。