數控(kong)加工操(cao)作過程是(shi)什么

數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，就是泛指在數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)機床(chuang)(chuang)上進(jin)行零件加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝過程(cheng)(cheng)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)機床(chuang)(chuang)是一種用計(ji)算機來控(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)機床(chuang)(chuang)，用來控(kong)(kong)制機床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)計(ji)算機，不管是專用計(ji)算機、還是通(tong)用計(ji)算機都(dou)統(tong)(tong)稱為數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)機床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)和輔(fu)助動(dong)作均(jun)受控(kong)(kong)于(yu)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)發出的(de)(de)指令(ling)。而數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)指令(ling)是由程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)員根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件的(de)(de)材質、加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要求、機床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)特(te)性和系(xi)統(tong)(tong)所規定的(de)(de)指令(ling)格式（數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)語言或(huo)符號）編制的(de)(de)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)根據程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)指令(ling)向伺服裝(zhuang)置和其(qi)它(ta)功(gong)能部件發出運(yun)行或(huo)終斷信息來控(kong)(kong)制機床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)(de)各種運(yun)動(dong)。當(dang)零件的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)結束時，機床(chuang)(chuang)便會自動(dong)停止(zhi)。任何(he)一種數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)機床(chuang)(chuang)，在其(qi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中若沒有輸入程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)指令(ling)，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)機床(chuang)(chuang)就不能工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。

機床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)受控動作大致包括機床(chuang)(chuang)的(de)起動、停(ting)止；主軸的(de)啟停(ting)、旋轉方向(xiang)和轉速的(de)變換(huan)；進給運動的(de)方向(xiang)、速度(du)、方式；刀具的(de)選擇、長度(du)和半徑的(de)補償；刀具的(de)更(geng)換(huan)，冷卻液的(de)開起、關閉等。

數控(kong)編程

數控加(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序(xu)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)制方法有(you)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)（人工(gong)(gong)）編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)和自(zi)動(dong)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)之分(fen)。手(shou)工(gong)(gong)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)，程(cheng)序(xu)的全部內(nei)容是(shi)由人工(gong)(gong)按數控系統所(suo)規定的指令格(ge)式編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)寫(xie)的。自(zi)動(dong)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)即(ji)計算機編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)，可分(fen)為(wei)以語(yu)言和繪畫為(wei)基礎的自(zi)動(dong)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)方法。但是(shi)，無論(lun)是(shi)采(cai)用何(he)種自(zi)動(dong)編(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)程(cheng)方法，都需要有(you)相應配套的硬件(jian)和軟(ruan)件(jian)。

可見，實現(xian)數(shu)控加工(gong)(gong)編(bian)程是關鍵。但光有編(bian)程是不行的(de)，數(shu)控加工(gong)(gong)還包(bao)括編(bian)程前必須要(yao)做(zuo)的(de)一系列準(zhun)備工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)及編(bian)程后的(de)善后處(chu)理工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。一般來(lai)說數(shu)控加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)主要(yao)包(bao)括的(de)內容(rong)如下(xia)：

⑴ 選擇并(bing)確定進(jin)行(xing)數控加(jia)工的零(ling)件(jian)及內(nei)容；

⑵ 對零件圖(tu)紙(zhi)進行數控加工的工藝分析；

⑶數控加工(gong)的工(gong)藝設計；

⑷ 對零件圖紙的數(shu)學處(chu)理(li)；

⑸ 編(bian)寫加工程(cheng)序單；

⑹ 按(an)程(cheng)序單(dan)制作控制介(jie)質；

⑺程(cheng)序(xu)的校驗與修(xiu)改；

⑻ 首件試加工與現場問題處理；

⑼數控加(jia)工工藝文件的定型與歸(gui)檔。

為(wei)了(le)提高生產自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)程(cheng)度，縮短編程(cheng)時間和(he)(he)降(jiang)低(di)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工成本，在(zai)(zai)(zai)航(hang)(hang)空航(hang)(hang)天工業中(zhong)還發展(zhan)和(he)(he)使用(yong)了(le)一系(xi)(xi)(xi)列先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工技(ji)術(shu)。如計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，即用(yong)小型(xing)(xing)或微(wei)型(xing)(xing)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)代(dai)替(ti)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)，并用(yong)存貯在(zai)(zai)(zai)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)軟件執行(xing)(xing)(xing)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)功能，這種(zhong)軟連接的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)正在(zai)(zai)(zai)逐步取代(dai)初始態的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。直接數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)一臺(tai)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)直接控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)多臺(tai)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床，很適合(he)于飛行(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)小批(pi)量短周期生產。理想的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可連續(xu)改變加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工參數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)適應控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，雖然系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)本身很復雜(za)，造(zao)價(jia)昂貴，但可以提高加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工效率和(he)(he)質量。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)除在(zai)(zai)(zai)硬件方面對(dui)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)(he)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床的(de)(de)(de)改善外，還有另一個(ge)重要方面就是(shi)(shi)(shi)軟件的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輔助編程(cheng)（也(ye)叫(jiao)自(zi)動(dong)編程(cheng)）就是(shi)(shi)(shi)由程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)員(yuan)用(yong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)語(yu)言(yan)寫出(chu)(chu)(chu)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)后(hou)(hou)，將(jiang)它輸(shu)入到計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)翻(fan)譯(yi)，最后(hou)(hou)由計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)自(zi)動(dong)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)穿孔帶(dai)或磁(ci)帶(dai)。用(yong)得比(bi)較(jiao)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)語(yu)言(yan)是(shi)(shi)(shi) APT語(yu)言(yan)。它大體上分為(wei)主處理程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)和(he)(he)后(hou)(hou)置(zhi)處理程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。前者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)員(yuan)書寫的(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)以翻(fan)譯(yi)，算(suan)(suan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)刀(dao)具(ju)軌跡；后(hou)(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)把刀(dao)具(ju)軌跡編成數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床的(de)(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)件加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工，是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)對(dui)工件進行(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工前事先(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)上編寫好程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)，再將(jiang)這些(xie)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)輸(shu)入到使用(yong)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床進行(xing)(xing)(xing)指令(ling)性加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工，或者(zhe)(zhe)直接在(zai)(zai)(zai)這種(zhong)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)程(cheng)序(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)面板上編寫指令(ling)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)包括：走刀(dao)，換刀(dao)，變速，變向，停車等，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)動(dong)完成的(de)(de)(de)。數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工是(shi)(shi)(shi)現代(dai)模(mo)具(ju)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)先(xian)進手(shou)段。當然，數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工手(shou)段也(ye)一定不(bu)只用(yong)于模(mo)具(ju)零(ling)(ling)件加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工，用(yong)途十分廣泛。